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| Title Page |
| I. INTRODUCTION |
| 1.1. Overview |
| 1.2. Introduction |
| 1.3. Principal International and Regional Instruments |
| - International and Regional Refugee/IDP Instruments |
| - International and Regional Human Rights Law |
| - International and Humanitarian Law |
| II. PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS OF IRL |
| 2.1. Refugee Status |
| 2.2. Asylum |
| 2.3. Refugee Status Determination Procedures |
| - Safe Third-Country Policies |
| 2.4. Non-Refoulement |
| - Convention Against Torture (CAT) |
| - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) |
| - European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) |
| 2.5. Non-Discrimination |
| - Discrimination and IRL |
| 2.6. International Protection as Subsidiary |
| 2.7. Family |
| - Family Unity and Reunification |
| III. STANDARDS OF PROTECTION |
| 3.1. 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol |
| - Definition of a refugee and the determination of status under the RC. |
| - Refugees "sur place" |
| - Cessation clauses |
| - Exclusion clauses |
| - Penalties (Article 31 of the Refugee Convention) |
| IV. ALTERNATIVE STANDARDS SPECIFIC TO REFUGEES - THE REGIONAL LEVEL |
| 4.1. African Standards |
| - The 1969 Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa |
| 4.2. Inter-American Standards |
| - 1984 Cartagena Declaration |
| 4.3. European Standards |
| - Council Directive on minimum standards for the qualification and status of third country nationals or stateless persons as
refugees or as persons who otherwise need international protection and the content of the protection granted |
| V. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW |
| 5.1. Exceptionality approach |
| 5.2. Differential risk approach |
| 5.3. A balanced approach |
| VI. INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLES |
| 6.1. "Refugee-like situations." |
| 6.2. International Protection of IDPs |
| 6.3. UNHCR and IDPs |
| VII. SUPERVISION OF IRL |
| 7.1. Development of the Supervisory Bodies of IRL |
| 7.2. UNHCR |
| - Limitations |
| - Protection and the Pursuit of Durable Solutions |
| 7.3. Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Program (ExComm) |
| 7.4. Supervision by Human Rights Treaty Bodies |
| - Soft Law versus Hard Law |
| - Enforcement |
| - Individual Redress at the Universal Level |
| 7.5. Regional Supervisory Mechanisms |
| - African |
| - Inter-American |
| - European |
| VIII. CONCLUSION |
| 8.1. Non-Electronic Resources and bibliography |
Index of Research Guides |