Needs and Responses

Policies towards refugees

According to Article 53 of the Egyptian Constitution: The right to Political Asylum shall be guaranteed by the State for every foreigner persecuted for defending the peoples' interests, human rights, peace or justice. The extradition of political refugees is prohibited (Constitution after amendments of May 22, 1980).

In an agreement signed between the Egyptian Government and the UNHCR on 10 February 1954, the UNHCR opened its first office in the Arab world in Cairo (UNHCR, 2001). The UNHCR was assigned the task of caring for the stateless refugee population living in Egypt (Sperl, 2001). The stateless population at that time consisted of Russians, Armenian, Yugoslavs, Albanians, Hungarians, Czechs, Bulgarians, Polish, Romanians, and Estonians ( Cairo Times, Where does the son of a country go?). According to the 1954 agreement, the UNHCR was also entrusted with:

• Cooperation with the government authorities in order to undertake the census and identify the refugees eligible under the mandate of the High Commissioner.
• Facilitate the voluntary repatriation of refugees.
• Encourage, in cooperation with the Egyptian government and the international organizations competent in immigration matters, the initiative leading to the resettlement, in every possible measure, in the countries of immigration, of the refugees residing in Egypt.
• Assist, within the limits of the funds received to this effect, the most destitute refugees under the mandate of the High Commissioner.
• Ensure the coordination of the activities undertaken in Egypt in favour of the refugees under the mandate of the High Commissioner, by the welfare societies duly authorised by the government.

On 12 June 1980, Egypt ratified the 1969 OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, which builds on the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol by considering that the term refugee shall also apply to every person who owing to external aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing public order in either part or the whole of his country of origin or nationality, is compelled to leave his place of habitual residence in order to seek refuge in another place outside his country of origin or nationality (UNHCR, 2000).

Egypt was one of the drafting members of the 1951 Convention (Goodwin-Gill: 1996) and acceded to the Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees on 22 May 1981. Although it was always believed that Egypt has no domestic refugee legislation, in 1984, Presidential decree no. 188 called for the creation of a permanent committee in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to review asylum applications and grant refugee status:

The President of the Republic, after consulting the constitution and law no. 453 of 1955 concerning the organization of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as well as presidential decree no. 331 of 1980 concerning the accession to the UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees signed in Geneva on 28/7/1951, and based on what was presented by the Deputy Prime Minister/Minister of Foreign Affairs has decided:

• Article 1. The creation of a permanent committee for Refugee affairs located in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to be presided by one of the Assistants of the Minister of Foreign Affairs and whose members would consist of representatives from the ministries of Foreign Affairs, Justice, Interior and the Presidency of the Republic.
• Article 2. The above mentioned committee shall review asylum applications to grant refugee status as per the Refugee Convention signed in Geneva on 28/7/1951. The committee shall send its recommendations to the Minister of Foreign Affairs and whose decision would therein be considered final.
• Article 3. Rules currently applying to those dealing with the Office of the Political Refugees in the Presidency of the Republic, shall remain in force.
• The Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs are to implement this decree.

Issued in the Presidency of the Republic on 15 May 1984.

However, it is not publicly known if this committee has ever taken any decision regarding the granting of refugee status and if it exists or functions. The determination of refugee status in Egypt is undertaken by the UNHCR which have been unsuccessfully trying to hand over this responsibility to the Egyptian Government for the past few years (Kagan, 2002)

Egypt made five reservations to the 1951 Convention: article 12 (1) (personal status); article 20 (rationing); article 22 (1) (access to primary education); article 23 (public relief and assistance) and article 24 (labour legislation and social security) (UNHCR, 2003b).

The response of the Egyptian government has been quite positive in regard to the protection needs of refugees. The government cooperates with the UNHCR. However the government opposes any suggestion of integrating refugees into Egyptian society and the presence of the refugees is seen as temporary, only until they are resettled to a third country. The Egyptian government considers resettlement as a form of burden sharing (Sperl, 2001). Refugee status determination (RSD) in Egypt is carried out by the UNHCR, based on the agreement signed between the UNHCR and the Government of Egypt in 1954. In 2002, there have been no records of Egypt forcibly returning any person to a country where they feared persecution. (US State Department Report 2002).

However, asylum seekers whose claims have been rejected by the UNHCR and have been unable or unwilling to return to their home countries, live under constant threat of detention and deportation (Grindell, 2003).

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Rights and Legal Status

According to the Egyptian Government, there are three categories of recognised refugees in Egypt: political asylees; refugees (registered with the UNHCR); and Palestinian refugees.

Political asylees were officially received in modern Egypt for the first time in 1917, when Egypts Sultan, Hussein Kamal, formally granted asylum to members of the Ceasar family who had fled the Bolshevik revolution in Russia. Over the years, Egypt has granted political asylum to a number of kings, presidents, ministers and government officials. Among these include famous figures such as the former Shah of Iran, the former King of Libya, the last King of Yugoslavia, the King of Albania, former Tunisian President Habib Bou Requeba, Imam El Khomeini, Aly El-Saady, Secretary-General of the Iraqi Baath Party, former Syrian President Shoukri El Quwetelly, Lauran Kabila of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and former President of Sudan Gaafar Numeri (Khattab, 2002).

Refugees registered with the UNHCR are persons who have fled their own country and arrived in Egypt seeking asylum. Asylum seekers are given an individual refugee status determination interview and if they are found to fit the criteria of a refugee under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol and/or the 1969 Organization of African Unity (OAU) Convention, are recognised as refugees and granted protection (the UNHCR is the decision maker in Egypt). Egypt is considered as a first country of asylum, and from Egypt refugees may be resettled to Canada, Australia, USA and Finland. Due to the reservations Egypt entered when signing the 1951 Convention, there are almost no local integration prospects for refugees in Egypt.

Palestinian refugees first began arriving in Egypt in 1948 and were granted asylum by the Egyptian Government. The Higher Committee for Palestinian Immigrant Affairs was established on May 9, 1948, and was the body responsible for the affairs of the Palestinian refugees in Egypt (Brand, 1988).

Recognition of Refugee Status. Political asylees are granted asylum by a Government decree and their affairs are regulated by the Office of Political Asylee Affairs Presidency of the Republic (Law 26 of 1975). More recently, some political asylees have also obtained the UNHCR blue refugee card.

All refugees are in Egypt are registered with the UNHCR. In 1998, the Egyptian government agreed to the introduction of a Refugee Identity Card issued by the UNHCR RO Cairo (UNHCR, 2001). Recognised refugees are provided with the UNHCR blue refugee card, which is stamped by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Interior (Refugee Affairs section in the Department of Migration and Citizenship). The renewable residence permit (which has a duration of six months) is also provided with the refugee card. Since November 2002, asylum seekers who have applied for refugee status at the UNHCR and are awaiting their eligibility interview are given a UNHCR yellow card, with the case number and the date of the refugee status determination interview (UNHCR, 2003a). According to the UNHCR RO Cairo in 2003, the time period between refugee registration and the refugee status determination interview was six months. Results of the refugee status determination interview are usually issued two weeks after the interview (UNHCR, 2003a).

At present, the Palestinian refugees section in the Department of Migration and Citizenship, Ministry of the Interior is the office that issues documentation for the Palestinian refugees in Egypt. As the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) has never operated in Egypt, Palestinian refugees in Egypt fall under the UNHCRs mandate according to Article 1 D of the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees: Persons already receiving United Nations Protection or Assistance This convention shall not apply to persons who are at present receiving from organs or agencies of the United Nations other than the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees protection or assistance. When such protection or assistance has ceased for any reason, without the position of such persons being definitively settled in accordance with the relevant resolutions adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations, these persons shall ipso facto be entitled to the benefits of this Convention

However, the UNHCR in Egypt hardly offers any protection or assistance to the Palestinian refugees in country, whom the Egyptian government considers to fall under its competence. Some Palestinian refugees approach the UNHCR Cairo office for help with residence permits and family reunification (UNHCR, Country Operations Plan 2004). There are about 216 Palestinian refugees in Egypt who are registered with the UNHCR in Cairo and who hold UNHCR blue cards (UNHCR RO Cairo, 2003).

Travel Documents. Political asylees and Palestinian refugees are issued with a five year travel document or laissez-passer. Whereas refugees (registered with the UNHCR) can, in principle, apply for Convention Travel documents at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as per Article 7 of the 1954 Agreement between the UNHCR and the Egyptian Government which stipulates that The Egyptian government will grant to said refugees, when they have to travel abroad, travel documents with return visa, of a limited, but sufficient, duration, except if reasons of public security prevent it. In reality, however, travel documents are not automatically granted but rather occasionally and on a case-by-case basis.

Residency permits. According to decree no. 8180 of 1996, issued by the Ministry of the Interior, all three categories of refugees obtain a three-year temporary residency permit, unless otherwise indicated but in the case of the Palestinians, this depends on when they arrived.

Employment-Political Asylees. Decree No. 390 of 1982, which regulates the procedures for obtaining work permits for foreigners, specifies that the political asylee must obtain a recommendation permitting employment for foreigners from the Office of Asylee Affairs Presidency of the Republic (Clause 2). Clause 11 of decree no. 390 specifies that the principle of giving priority to Egyptians over foreigners in employment is waived in the case of the political asylee as long as he/she obtains the agreement of the employers.

Employment-Palestinian refugees. Palestinian refugees are required to obtain a work permit in order to work.

Refugees registered with the UNHCR. Although Egypt did not make any reservations to articles 17 or 18 (wage-earning employment or self-employment), this issue is regulated by Egypts local labour legislation, Law no. 12 of 2003 concerning the employment of foreigners. In effect, refugees registered with the UNHCR are not allowed to work and very few obtain work permits. However, the residence permit stamp was modified recently and currently the phrase work prohibited is absent.

According to Article 5 of Decree 136 of 2003 concerning the Conditions and Procedures of Granting Work Licenses to Foreigners, refugees and foreigners alike are required to pay the full fee which is 1004 LE (US$ 161), however, according to Article 6 of the same decree, some nationalities are exempt from paying this fee, such as Sudanese, Palestinians holding travel documents issued by the Arab Republic of Egypt or by the Palestinian Authority, as well as Greeks and Italians who have been living in Egypt for a period of not less than five years. They are only required to pay the price of the work permit card which is 4 LE (US$ 0.75).

Most refugees find employment in the informal sector: street peddling, construction labour and domestic work.

Education. Although Egypt made reservations to Article 22 (1) of the 1951 Convention which is access to primary education, in 2000 the Egyptian Minister of Education decided to implement a 1992 ministerial decree (No. 24 of 1992) that allowed the children of recognised refugees from Sudan to enrol and attend Egyptian public schools (Cairo Times, 2001). However, despite this in reality Egyptian public schools are overcrowded with waiting lists for Egyptian children, which makes it rather difficult for refugee children to gain entry. According to the same ministerial decree, children of Sudanese, Libyan and Jordanian political asylees are also permitted to attend public schools (Afifi, 2003). Refugee children who are accepted into public or refugee schools may receive a UNHCR educational grant worth L.E. 600 (approximately US$ 100) per year until grade 9 (UNHCR, 2003a).Sudanese and Palestinian refugee and asylum seeker children are treated like Egyptian children in terms of school admission and tuition fees, whereas refugee and asylum seeker children of all other nationalities are charged a tuition fee set by the Foreign Students Department.

During the late 1970s and the 1980s, the UNHCR Cairo office ran a scholarship programme to enable Ethiopian and Eritrean refugees displaced in Somalia, Djibouti and Sudan to come to Egypt and receive educational and training qualifications (Sperl, 2001).

Assistance. There is no assistance available for refugees from the Egyptian government.

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UNHCR and its implementing partners

In 2003, the UNHCR worked with five implementing partners: Caritas Egypt, Catholic Relief Services, St. Andrews Church, the Family Planning Association and Refuge Egypt, to provide assistance and services to refugees (UNHCR, Country Operations Plan 2004). The UNHCRs less prominent implementing partners include El-Nadim Centre for the Rehabilitation of Torture Victims (Sperl, 2001), which offers psychological counselling to refugees victims of torture.

Caritas Egypt. Refugees recognised by the UNHCR are assisted by Caritas, the UNHCRs main implementing partner. Refugees receive a one-time or monthly financial subsistence allowance depending on family size, vulnerability and medical needs. During 2004, the UNHCR changed the assistance program so that only vulnerable cases such as families with five or more members, single female headed households, separated children, elderly refugees, refugees with serious medical disabilities or chronic illnesses, were eligible to receive monthly allowances. Caritas also assists refugees with medical problems, providing up to 25% of the cost of the doctors fees and medicines and up to 50% of the costs of hospitalization, X-rays and lab tests. In chronic cases, Caritas covers 50% of the cost of doctors fees, medicines, hospitalization, X-rays and lab tests, and in exceptionally destitute cases provides 100% coverage for hospitalization charges. In 2004, Caritas opened another office in the Mattareya district of Cairo.

Catholic Relief Services. The Catholic Relief Service (CRS) has been a UNHCR implementing partner since 2002. CRS administers educational grants for school children as well as illiterate adults. During 2004, CRS provided 3244 educational grants to refugee children. At the end of 2004 and, for the first time, the CRS will provide educational grants for a limited number of children of asylum seekers.

The Family Planning Association. The Cairo Family Planning Association (CFPA) began its refugee program in 1993 after an agreement with the UNHCR to provide health education for refugee women. Currently the CFPA offers four services for refugees: skills training (cooking, sewing, handicrafts and embroidery) and first aid training. There are five clinics that provide medical treatment. The CFPA also organises an annual event for refugees.

SOS. The UNHCR has a sub-agreement with SOS, a transit home for separated children. The home provides a flat that houses six to eight unaccompanied refugee children.

Assistance from Church groups. There are a number of churches that offer assistance and services to refugees:

All Saints Cathedral - Refuge Egypt (a ministry of the Episcopal Church). All Saints Cathedral Refuge Egypt assists African people living in Cairo, who have been displaced by war or disaster or who have a well founded fear of return because of persecution or loss of rights. Refuge Egypt also provides services to UNHCR-registered refugees.

Refuge Egypt mainly targets the asylum seekers who have not yet been recognised as refugees. Asylum seekers need to be registered with Refuge Egypt in order to benefit from their assistance programs.

Refuge Egypts food program distributes basic foodstuffs: oil, sugar, rice, powdered milk and lentils to pregnant women, large families, TB-infected refugees and single-parent households (Hassan, 2000). Refuge Egypt provides health care, education, advocacy and spiritual encouragement. Refuge Egypt has a medical centre at All Saints Cathedral and recently a clinic was opened at the school for refugee children in Arba Wa Nuss, an informal settlement on the outskirts of Cairo and where very needy refugees live.

The medical centre at All Saints has four programs: general clinics, TB, womens health and torture assessment.

Refuge Egypt offers training programs for refugees in order to acquaint them with the kind of work they might be able to find. A certificate is given upon completion of the training and shows the kind of skills the person has acquired. Refugees are later assisted in finding employment. Most employment is in the informal sector such as domestic cleaners and babysitters.

Refuge Egypt also has the Tukul crafts project which offers training and income generation for the displaced. Sudanese refugees receive training in skills such as painting, design, tailoring and silk screen painting. There is a Tukul crafts shop in the premises of the Cathedral where the products made by the refugees are displayed and sold.

Refuge Egypt is supported by Tearfund, the UNHCR, the Church of Scotland, Bible Lands and Archbishop of Sydney (Refuge Egypt, 2002).

St. Andrews Refugee Ministry. St Andrews Refugee Ministry was founded in 1979. It offers assistance to refugees through its various programs:

• Educational programs for children. Refugee children who cannot go to public schools and cannot afford to pay fees for private schools can attend classes at St. Andrews. Classes of English, Maths, Science and information technology are offered. There are also sports classes. There are about 120 students at the school. There is also a summer school programme, which offers classes in English, Art, Drama and Sports (St. Andrews Refugee Ministry).
• Educational programs for Adults. There are classes of English, Business English, Drama, Creative Writing and Computer Literacy. These classes are offered in order to help refugees who might get resettled adapt more quickly to an English speaking environment, as well as find employment. There are about 1200 participants in the adult educational program each year (St. Andrews Refugee Ministry).
• African Arts and Crafts. St. Andrews offers handicraft classes to refugees in order that they learn to use their skills. There is a handicrafts shop where refugees can sell their products. There are classes in art, jewellery making and sewing (St. Andrews Refugee Ministry). St. Andrews Church also works with the German Church to provide refugees with classes in carpentry (Ferris, 2000).

Refugees applying for the educational programs at St. Andrews are requested to go through a screening process in order to make sure that they are asylum seekers and not economic migrants.

The Sacred Heart Church (Sakakini). The Sacred Heart Church runs educational programs for children and adults, a clinic, assistance programs and legal aid (Musaideen)

The church runs five schools for refugee children:

• St. Lwanga Centre for Basic Education is located in the Sacred Heart Church premises, with classes from KG to Senior 1. The church also has a small clinic which provides services for school children and their teachers. Teachers are from the refugee community. The classes follow the Egyptian curriculum. In 2003/2004, there were 1700 children registered at the school, the majority of Sudanese nationality
• St. Bakhita Centre for Basic Education is located in the informal settlement area of Arba Wa Nus, there are 350 school children registered in the school and 13 teachers.
• St. Joseph Centre for Basic Education is located in the Maadi area. In 2003/2004 there were 128 registered students and 13 refugee teachers. All students are of Sudanese nationality. Classes are from kindergarten to level three primary. The classes follow the Egyptian curriculum. Children are also taught computer literacy.
• Father Sina Educational Centre. The Father Sina Educational Centre is located in the Shubra area of Cairo. Currently it has two secondary school classes with 60 students and 15 teachers. The classes follow the Egyptian curriculum. In 2005 2006, the centre will open a third class: Secondary 3, following the Egyptian Secondary Education model.
• Canossian Social Centre. The Canossian Social centre is located in Helmiet Zeitoun in Cairo and has three classes for children. The majority of the children are Sudanese but there are some Egyptians as well. In 2004, there were about 60 children enrolled at the centre. The teachers are from the refugee community. The centre also offers vocational training classes for adults in sewing and computer literacy.

Educational Programs for Adults. The Sacred Heart Church (Sakakini) offers classes in English, Computer, Accounting and Literacy. In 2003, most of the adult student population were Somalis and Ethiopians.

Sudanese Refugee Child Sports Association. The Sudanese Refugee Child Sports Association offers sports activities such as soccer, basketball, netball, karate and boxing for Sudanese refugee children.

The Coptic Orthodox Cathedral. The Coptic Orthodox Cathedral is the first Coptic Church to provide assistance for refugees. The Church currently provides some material and spiritual assistance only to Sudanese refugees. Money is regularly distributed to refugees at the beginning of the month and there is a possibility of extra material assistance for needy refugees given out on a case by case basis. The Church distributes childrens clothes in Christmas and Easter and sponsors a limited number of Sudanese to attend the Cathedrals religious training college.

Maadi Community Church. The Maadi Community Church only assists refugees who belong to the Church. The Churchs offers English courses for refugee children and adults, counselling sessions for refugees as well as the Sudanese Refugee Child Sport Program, which offers space and facilities for refugee children to play football and basketball. There are also karate and athletics classes.

African Hope School. The African Hope School is a school for African refugee children run by the Maadi Community Church, it has about 400 students with ages ranging from 3 to 16 years. The teachers are from the refugee community.

Heliopolis Community Church. Family Fund is the branch of the Heliopolis Community Church concerned with refugees. Apart from spiritual services, the church offers material services to refugees: distribution of blankets, clothing and food; job placement; and financial assistance.

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Community services

Musaideen. Created in 1998 by the church communities in Cairo, Musaideen is a group of refugees who help other refugees, by offering classes and information sessions about the procedures for applying for refugee status with the UNHCR. Musaideen also help the refugees candidates for resettlement to fill the application forms for the different embassies. Musaideen work in All Saints Cathedral, St. Andrews Church, Sakakini Church and Maadi Community Church.

Somali Refugee Committee of Egypt (SRCOE). The Somali Refugee Committee of Egypt was established in 2001. SRCOE is a program that provides education for Somali refugees in Cairo. There are English language classes for adults and home-schooling classes for children. In 2004, there were 50 children and 70 adults enrolled with SRCOE.

Sons of Sudan Charity Association. The Sons of Sudan Charity Association was founded in 2001. The association provides social and financial assistance for Sudanese (refugees and non-refugees) residing in 6th October city. The association provides some families with a monthly stipend and aid in special circumstances such as marriage or death. The association also offers adult education classes in English and Arabic language, computer literacy and handicraft classes. It also provides newly arrived Sudanese with temporary housing.

Sadaka. Sadaka is a joint program of All Saints Cathedral, St. Andrews Church and the Sacred Heart (Sakakini) Church. The program provides emotional support for refugees by listening to their stories.

The Sudanese Development Initiative (SUDIA). The Sudanese Development Initiative was created in 1995. The program serves mostly Sudanese, Ethiopian and Somali refugees. The program offers Employment Education, Information Technology and training as well as a number of support services such as referral services and small loans.

Maan. Maan, a Sudanese refugee based organization, was formed in 1996. Maan offers courses in gender, womans rights, computer and health care. Discussion group are held once a week to address different issues in Sudan. Maan, in collaboration with the Forced Migration & Refugee Studies Department (FMRS) at the American University in Cairo has developed a training course for refugee women and which was offered in 2001 and 2003.

The Union of Great Equatoria. The Union of Great Equatoria was established in 2003 by the Equatorians living in Egypt and it embraces the 28 sun-communities of Equatoria. The Union of Great Equatoria offers assistance through five programs:

• Education: assisting Sudanese youth in continuing their education
• Health: the Union of Great Equatoria provides ante-natal care, TB, family planning, and HIV/AIDS.
• Cultural Development: the development of trust and self-respect between communities in Egypt.
• Civic Education and Information: raise awareness about rights and responsibilities
• Economic Development: working to develop human capital in order to rebuild Sudan

Al Mobadra. Al Mobadra is an Egyptian NGO that provides the UNHCR referred refugees with small loans for the establishment and development of micro-credit projects.

Vocational Training. In 2004, the UNHCR worked with the vocational training provider Don Bosco.

Care with Love program. Care with Love is a registered NGO that offers vocational training for young women to become Home Health Care Providers: how to care for the sick and elderly. Upon completion of the training and internship period, graduates are assisted in finding work. Applicants must be refugees recognised by the UNHCR and who are not eligible for resettlement.

Don Bosco. Don Bosco offers vocational training for refugees in repairing and maintenance of car motors, electrical appliances, mechanics, paintwork and welding.

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Refugees in Alexandria

Estimates vary for the number of refugees living in Alexandria, Egypts second largest city; from 3000 4000 (Hassan, 2000) to 1000 2000 (the Sacred Heart Church in Ibrahimeya in Alexandria). The majority are Southern Sudanese and are concentrated in the Ibrahimeya area.

In Alexandria four churches provide assistance for refugees:

• The Sacred Heart Church in Ibrahimeya
• The Anglican Church
• The Presbyterian Church
• The Sacred Heart Church in Ibrahimeya

The Sacred Heart Church offers material assistance to refugees; refugees are provided with ration cards which enables them to obtain basic foodstuffs for free from a special shop once a month. The Church also provides refugees with some financial assistance to pay the cost of their transportation to and from Cairo. The Church has provided a space for the use as a social club for the refugees.

The Anglican Church offers educational classes for refugee adults and children: English Language and Dinka dialect for adults and English, Science and Maths for children. In 2003/2004, there were 50 children enrolled at the Church.

The Presbyterian Church offers educational classes for children. In 2003/2004, there were 60 children enrolled at the church. The Church also distributes monthly foodstuffs.

The Churches have an agreement with Sidi Bishr Hospital and Amba Takla Natal Clinic where the refugees pay 50% of hospital/clinic charges.

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Resettlement

The granting of refugee status by the UNHCR Egypt office has been linked with resettlement. Due to lack of local integration prospects in Egypt as well as the continuing conflicts in their home countries which makes voluntary repatriation not an option for the majority of refugees, resettlement is considered as the only feasible durable solution. In 2004, there were 3,884 refugees who left Egypt for resettlement (UNHCR, Refugee Population in Egypt on 30 November 2004). Some refugees have also managed to get resettled to Canada and Australia through sponsorship programs (Zohry and Harrell-Bond, 2003). However, since June 2004 and with the progress made towards the signing of the Sudan Peace Process, the UNHCR has scaled back its resettlement opportunities especially for Sudanese refugees and has established new criteria for refugees to be eligible for resettlement.

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Trafficking

The impossibility of finding work in Egypt as well as a lack of resettlement opportunities has obliged some refugees to resort to desperate measures. Recently, some Sudanese asylum seekers made their way to Israel to work in agricultural labour as a replacement for the Palestinians banned from Israel due to the closure imposed on the Occupied Territories (Africa Analysis, 2003). In early 2004, Egyptian newspapers published articles accusing Africans of making deals to be smuggled to Israel. The newspapers alleged that the aim of smuggling Africans to Israel was to expel the Palestinian labour and to populate the empty settlements (El Serwgy and Salem, 2004)

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Racism and xenophobia

African refugees in Egypt complain about racism and mistreatment from the Egyptian population as well as from the police and security forces. The Egyptian government, although having signed the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol as well as the 1969 OAU Convention, does not publicly address the refugee issue. In official newspapers and magazines refugees are usually portrayed as labour migrants (e.g. El Ahram, 2002). With Egypts current economic hardships, it is no surprise that the Egyptians do not welcome the refugees. Refugees report incidents of harassment, insults and stone throwing by Egyptians. There are reports of police harassment as well. Some Egyptians resent the fact that refugees receive assistance and get resettled whereas Egyptians have a hard time obtaining visas to go to developed countries ( Sudan Tribune, 2003).

In January 2003, a campaign by the Egyptian police dubbed Operation track down blacks, resulted in the arrest of hundreds of refugees and foreigners in the Cairo suburb of Maadi ( Human Rights Watch, 2003). Police targeted and rounded up Africans and took them to the police station. The UNHCR was later able to obtain the release of the refugees registered with the organization as well as those who were awaiting their status determination interview, holders of UNHCR yellow cards (Apiku, 2003).

While the Egyptian government has not made any effort to educate the people or raise awareness about the refugee situation, it might be argued that the UNHCR is partly to blame as well. An advertisement campaign run by the UNHCR Cairo office in 2002 portrayed refugees in a refugee camp and requested donations to provide the refugees with tents. The advertisements were placed in an English language magazine Egypt Today in 2002 and in 2002/2003 in another English language magazine Cairo Times, both of which are mostly read by expatriates and upper class Egyptians. In a country without any refugee camps and where refugees live in urban areas, the advertisements were very much removed from the realities of the refugee situation in Egypt. The same advertisement campaign is being run again in 2004 in Cairo Times magazine. ( Egypt Today, 2002 - Cairo Times, 2002, 2003, 2004)

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Civil society

Africa and Middle East Refugee Assistance (AMERA). The African and Middle Eastern Refugee Assistance (formerly the Refugee Legal Aid project), offers free legal advice to refugees. It helps refugees in writing their testimonies for the UNHCR as well as in preparing appeal testimonies for the refugees whose claims have been rejected by the UNHCR. It also trains Egyptian lawyers and students in refugee law and advocates for the improvement of policies towards refugees.

The Refugee Centre for Human Rights (RCHR). The Refugee Centre for Human Rights provides legal aid. The centre offers services to recognised refugees. The centre also helps asylum seekers who have been rejected by the UNHCR, as well as asylum seekers with closed cases wishing to appeal the decision. The centre also assists refugees with legal representation before Egyptian law in issues such as marriages and divorce. The centre has social workers who provide some support (Al-Ahram Weekly, July 2002).

The Forced Migration and Refugee Studies (FMRS) Department at the American University in Cairo. The Forced Migration and Refugee Studies Department apart from offering a graduate diploma in forced migration and refugee studies, conducts research and surveys on refugee issues in Egypt. It also holds seminars, workshops and summer courses. FMRS has a community outreach program offering:

• Community Interpreters Initiative. The FMRS Department holds courses three times a year to train refugees to serve as community interpreters (Calvani, 2003)
• Maan. The FMRS Department has for the past two years offered space and facilities for the annual training sessions of Maan, a Sudanese refugee based local organization.
• Glossary-Building Project. FMRS students are currently participating in the glossary-building project to develop multi-lingual glossaries, initially based on a number of African languages and dialects. The aim of this project is to make a tool available to the community interpreters.
• Education for Refugees. The FMRS Department has provided space for two voluntary organizations providing educational services for refugees: West African Education Project and the African Institute for Culture. The West African Education Project offered computer literacy and English language classes to a group of Liberian and Sierra Leoenan refugees, while the African Institute for Culture offered training in English language for a group of Sudanese, Ethiopian and Eritrean refugees in the summer of 2003.
• World Refugee Day. For the past three years consecutively, FMRS/AUC, in collaboration with the UNHCR and Catholic Relief Services, has hosted the World Refugee Day Festival. The event featured music, dance, theatre performances and cuisine from different countries. Handicrafts produced by refugees were exhibited and sold.

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Electronic Resources

• UNHCR Regional Office Cairo http://www.unhcr.org.eg/
• Refugee Egypt http://www.refuge-egypt.org/refuge_egypt/index.shtml
• Catholic Relief Services, Egypt http://www.catholicrelief.org/
• St. Andrews Refugee Ministry http://www.biblelands.org.uk/project_partners/by_location/egypt/st_andrews_refugee/index.htm
• Caritas Egypt http://www.caritasegypt.com/

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Egyptian Newspapers & Magazines

• Al-Ahram Newspaper http://www.fromallangles.com/newspapers/arabic-language/al-ahram.htm
• Al-Ahram Weekly http://weekly.ahram.org.eg
• Al-Ahram El Massai http://massai.ahram.org.eg/
• Al-Akhbar http://www.elakhbar.org/
• Akhbar El Yom http://www.akhbarelyom.org.eg/akhbarelyom/
• Egypt Today http://www.egypttoday.com

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Other Electronic Resources

• Apiku, Simon, black Day in Cairo, World Press Review Online, April 21, 2003, http://www.worldpress.org/Mideast/1052.cfm
• Arab Republic of Egypt, Law no. 26 of 1975 concerning Egyptian Citizenship http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rsd/rsddocview.htm?CATEGORY=RSDLEGAL&id=3ae6b4e218&page=research
• Azimi, Negar, Havent we had enough?, Al Ahram Weekly, 6-12 March, 2003 http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/628/feature.htm
• - Caught in Limbo, Al Ahram Weekly, 7-13 November 2002, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/611/fe1.htm
• - Winding road to four-and-a-half, Al Ahram Weekly, 27 June-3 July 2002, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/592/fe2.htm
• Bichard, A., Coker, E., Nannipieri, A., Wani, J., Health Education for Urban Refugees in Cairo January 2003 http://www.aucegypt.edu/academic/fmrs/Healtheducation.pdf
• Cairo Times, African Crackdown, vol. 1, issue 7, 29, May, 1997, http://www.cairotimes.com/
• Calvani, Daniele, Initial Overview of the Linguistic Diversity of Refugee Communities in Cairo, 2003 http://www.aucegypt.edu/academic/fmrs/Reports/Languagediversityreport.pdf
• The Canadian Embassy in Egypt, The Canadian Refugee System, http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/refugees/index.html
• Central Bank of Egypt, http://cbe.org.eg/
• Danish Immigration Service, Report on Fact Finding Mission to Cairo (Egypt) and Geneva (Switzerland): Human Rights Situation in Sudan and Position of Sudanese Nationals in Egypt 29 January to 12 February and 3 to 7 March 2000 (Copenhagen, October 2000) http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rsd/+nwwBmeHLJ69wwwwwwwwwwwwxFqwqFqwmFqwnFqwhFqwtFqhI1mwDrFqwoFqwzFqwAFqqejhrmFmmDFqm7y-dFqt2IygZf3zmnwwwwwww/rsddocview.pdf
• - Report on Fact Finding Mission to Cairo, Khartoum and Nairobi: Human Rights Situation, military service, and entry and embarkation procedures in Sudan 8 to 19 August and 20 to 23 November 2001 http://www.udlst.dk/NR/rdonlyres/emu6z6o3apgerzdhshi6tnju7syjklsipbfuvi7ecgazv46n2xchp7jed65u7jrmyl6lx2ss7kzxhppppbzl76vkque/Sudanenred281002_eng.pdf
• El-Noshokaty, Amira, Everywhere but home, Al-Ahram Weekly, 20-26 December 2001 http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2001/565/fe4.htm
• Fbos, Anita, Of Metaphors and Microbuses: Sudanese Visiting Strategies in Cairo http://www.aucegypt.edu/fmrs/Anita.pdf
• Ferris, Elizabeth, Churches reach out to refugees in Egypt, World Council of Churches Feature, 2000 http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/news/press/00/18feat-e.html
• Hassan, Abdallah, Down and Out in Cairo, World Press Review Online, July 2000, http://www.worldpress.org/Mideast/312.cfm
• Hegel, Christine, Narrative and Truth: Analysing Refugee Testimonies http://www.aucegypt.edu/academic/fmrs/Affiliation_Opportunities/NarrativeandTruth.pdf
• Human Rights Watch, Egypt: Mass Arrests of Foreigners: African Refugees Targeted in Cairo http://www.hrw.org/press/2003/02/egypt0206.htm
• - Egypt: Mass Arrests of Foreigners: African Refugees Targeted in Cairo Accounts from Detainees- http://www.hrw.org/press/2003/02/egypt-test0206.htm
• Ismail, Iman, Coordinating Humanitarian Aid for Refugees in Egypt, May 2002 http://www.aucegypt.edu/academic/fmrs/Reports/iman.pdf
• Kagan, Michael, Is Truth in the Eye of the Beholder? Objective Credibility Assessment in Refugee Status Determination http://www.aucegypt.edu/academic/fmrs/Kagan.pdf
• - Assessment of Refugee Status Determination Procedure at UNHCRs Cairo Office, 2001- 2002 http://www.aucegypt.edu/academic/fmrs/Affiliation_Opportunities/Asylumpocedures.pdf
• Landau, Loren B., Urban Refugees (2004) Forced Migration Online http://www.forcedmigration.org/guides/fmo024/
• Nkrumah, Gamal, Barbara Harrell-Bond: This Barbara doesnt beat around the bush, Al Ahram Weekly, 9-15 October 2003, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/659/profile.htm
• - Forms of Expression, Al-Ahram Weekly, 7-13 August 2003, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/650/cu2.htm
• - Abdallah Said: From Refugee Camp to Cairo: An Eritrean Journey, Al Ahram Weekly, 31/7/2003 http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/print/2003/649/profile.htm
• - All for a Cause, A-Ahram Weekly, 26 June-2 July 2003, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/644/li1.htm
• - Take a Pew Al-Ahram Weekly, 1-7 May 2003, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/636/li1.htm
• - Living on the edge, Al-Ahram Weekly, 27 June3 July 2002, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/592/fe1.htm
• - In the Dark Valley, Al-Ahram Weekly, 20-26 December 2001, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2001/565/fe1.htm
• - Open arms, tight fisted, Al-Ahram Weekly, 20-26 December, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2001/565/fe3.htm
• - Moments to be Free, Al-Ahram Weekly, 27 June-3 July 2002, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/592/cu5.htm
• Riak Akuei, Stephanie, Remittances as Unforeseen Burdens: Considering Displacement, Family and Resettlement Contexts in Refugee Livelihood and Well-Being. Is there Anything States or Organizations Can Do? May 3, 2004. http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/+0wwBmeAJ0IewGwwwwhFqo20I0E2gltFqoGn5nwGqrAFqo20I0E2glcFqv2owAaEA1noCaIBnprwDonCa2nMoBBwDqn5aw5auDhdGn5nnDaF1GmnD5Dzmxwww/opendoc.pdf
• Rotary Ambassadorial Challenge 2004, The African Hope School http://egyptquest2002.tripod.com/delta/
• Snipes, David, & McGrath, Cam, Sudanese press right to refugee screening http://www.amcham.org.eg/Publications/BusinessMonthly/October%2004/Followup.asp
• Sperl, Stefan, Evaluation of UNHCRs policy on Refugees in Urban Areas: A Case Study Review of Cairo UNHCR Evaluation reports, June 2001 http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/partners/+iwwBmv3Y_qwwwxFqzvx8vw68m6mFqo7E2RN02IhFqo20I0E2gltFqopwGBDnG5zFqmRbZAFqo20I0E2glDzmxwww1FqmRbZ/opendoc.pdf
• Sudan Tribune, Rights-Egypt: Sudanese refugees say racism pervades Land of Exile, December, 2003. http://www.sudantribune.com/article.php3?id_article=1325
• The Egyptian Constitution http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rsd/rsddocview.htm?CATEGORY=RSDLEGAL&id=3ae6b5368&page=research
• UNHCR News Hard Times for Cairos Refugees, 1 June 2005 http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/+HwwBmeShHv8hwwwhFqnN0bItFqnDni5AFqnN0bIcFqHlwGmaRoMn5ahdGagwoGda2nh1tnn5e5KmDDzmxwww1FqmRbZ/opendoc.htm
• UNHCR News Women Refugees in Cairo: In a class of their own, 4 April 2003 http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/+pwwBm3efWZpxwwwhFqnN0bItFqnDni5AFqnN0bIcFqbbdMnDa2nh1tnn5aoDagwoGdeuG4oDawaqcw55adhaBrnoGadiDDzmxwww/opendoc.htm
• UNHCR, Reservations and Declarations to the 1951 Convention - http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/+pwwBmLeKJSprwwwhFqA72ZR0gRfZNtFqrpGdBnqBAFqA72ZR0gRfZNcFqsuNlg2Ca2n5nGVwBodD5awDmaynqcwGwBodD5aBdaBrnaWK9WagdDVnDBodDaDzmxwww1FqmRbZ/opendoc.pdf
• UNHCR News, Feature: Theyve lived, now theyd like to learn, 20 November 2003, http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/+YwwBmceSj_pnwwwhFqnN0bItFqnDni5AFqnN0bIcFqNRrnOe5ixxacoVnmCaDdiaBrnOe5dwDcoAnaBdacnwGDDzmxwww/opendoc.htm
• UNHCR News stories: Goodwill Ambassadors visit refugees in Egypt; discuss more joint initiatives http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/+fwwBmei4wsCnwwwhFqnN0bItFqnDni5AFqnN0bIcFqewknoddmioccaEMxw55wmdG5aVo5oBaGnh1tnn5aoDa0tOpBeUGYwo5q155aMdGnazdoDBaoDoBowBoVn5Dzmxwww1FqmRbZ/opendoc.htm
• UNHCR, Country Operations Plan 2004: Arab Republic of Egypt http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/+bwwBmeV4jJexkwwwwhFqhT0yfEtFqnp1xcAFqhT0yfEcFqagd1DBGOaZpnGwBodD5a7cwDa+XX6euG4tGwxa2np1xcoqadha0tOpBDzmxwww1FqmRbZ/opendoc.pdf
• UNHCR Washington Fact Sheet Questions and Answers on Resettlement from Egypt http://www.unrefugees.org/usaforunhcr/uploadedfiles/egyptfc04.pdf
• US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants World Refugee Survey 2004 Country Report Egypt http://www.refugees.org/countryreports.aspx?subm=&ssm=&cid=96
• US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants World Refugee Survey 2003 Country Report - Sudan http://www.refugees.org/countryreports.aspx?subm=&ssm=&cid=170
• US State Department Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2002 Egypt http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18274.htm
• US State Department - Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2002 Sudan http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18228.htm

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Non-Electronic Resources and Bibliography

• Abdel Moneim, Dallia, Distant Relations, Cairo Times, vol. 5, issue 27, 13-19 September 2001.

• Abu Heif, Ali Sadek, Seeking asylum in Embassies and Foreign Countries, The Egyptian magazine for International Law (Arabic) Cairo, volume 22, 1966.

• Abrishami, B., A day in the life of an asylum seeker, Cairo Times, 14-20 February 2002.

• Afifi, Wesal, Preliminary Investigation of Educational Opportunities for Refugee Children n Egypt (Field Report, Forced Migration & Refugee Studies Department) the American University in Cairo, August 2003.

• Ainsworth, P., Changing Dietary Practices Among Southern Sudanese Forced Migrants Living in Cairo: Notes on Methodological Problems Encountered (findings of exploratory study of changing food intake of Sudanese forced migrants in Cairo carried out during February and March 2003, 9 pages, 2 copies)

• Al-Ahram, Foreigners: a crisis in the labour market! (Arabic), 29 April, 2002.

• Al Ashaal, Abdullah, Egypt and the Refugee Law, International Politics Magazine (Arabic), Cairo, issue 107, January 1992.

• Al-Sharmani, Mulki, The Somali refugee in Cairo: Issues of survival, culture and identity MA Thesis, American University in Cairo

• - Livelihood and Identity Constructions of Somali Refugees in Cairo, Forced Migration & Refugee Studies working paper no. 2, the American University in Cairo (AUC), July, 2003.

• American University in Cairo, Forced Migration and Refugee Studies: Report of Activities 2002 2003.

• Arab Republic of Egypt, Law no. 26 of 1975, concerning Egyptian Citizenship, Presidential decree no. 89 of 1960 and the decrees concerning the entry and residence of foreigners in the Arab Republic of Egypt (General Authority of Al-Amireya Press, 1999) (Arabic)

• Arab Republic of Egypt, Presidential decree no. 188 of 1984 (Refugee Studies Centre Documentation Centre, Oxford University).

• Arend, E. D. The Politics of Invisibility: Reproductive Health Care and Family Planning in Cairos Refugee Population, June 2003 (Research report Institute for Gender and Womens Studies, the American University in Cairo).

• Ashton, L., Egypts treatment of African asylum seekers is ambiguous, Middle East Times, 15- 21, February 2003.

• Attalah, L., Question of timing, Cairo Times, vol. 7, issue 17, 2003

• Azimi, Negar, Twice Rejected, Cairo Times, vol. 5, issue 7, 22-28 November 2001.

• - Elusive homeland, Al-Ahram Weekly, 7-13 February 2002, Issue 572 (Afghan refugees in Cairo).

• Brown, N., Riordan, S., Sharpe, M., Plus a change, plus cest la mme chose The Insecurity of Eritreans and Ethiopians in Cairo, August 2003, FMRS/AUC.

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• Brand, Laurie, Palestinians in the Arab World, Institution Building and the Search for State (Columbia University Press, New York, 1988)

• Budiani, Debra, Illness and Resort Strategies of Somalis in Urban Egypt, 2002. Proceedings of the Somali Studies International Congress. Richard Ford and Hussein Adam, eds. (Forthcoming)

• - Quests for Refuge, Quests for Therapy: Displacement, Illness and the Body in Urban Egypt Doctoral Dissertation at Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology.

• Cairo Family Planning Association (CFPA), A Report of the Reproductive Health of Somali Refugee Women in Egypt 1995, (Arabic)

• Coker, E. M. (in press) Traveling Pains: Embodied Metaphors of Suffering among Southern Sudanese Refugees in Cairo. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry.

• - Dislocated Identities and Fragmented bodies: illness narratives and medical encounters among Southern Sudanese Refugees in Cairo Journal of Refugee Studies (in press)

• Cooper, Dereck, Urban Refugees: Ethiopians and Eritreans in Cairo, Cairo Papers in Social Science, 15/2, p. 1-53, 1992.

• - Waiting for a change: the social construction of the refugee world in Cairo, March 1992 (35 page report, AUC)

• - A Needs Assessment of the Ethiopian and Eritrean Refugee Population (1993) Refugee Studies Centre Documentation Centre, Oxford University.

• Corsellis, J. Yugoslav refugees in camps in Egypt and Austria 1944-47, North Dakota Quarterly, 61(1) Winter: 40-54, 1993.

• Dafalla, H., The Nubian Exodus, C. Hurst, London, 1975.

• Digges, Diana, Anywhere but here: Displaced Sudanese in Egyptian Cities struggle to Cope with their Twilight Status, Cairo Times, vol. 2, issue 23, 7-20 January 1998.

• Dingemans, Esther, Educational needs and priorities for South Sudanese Refugees in Cairo, February, 2002 (Field Report, the American University in Cairo/Forced Migration & Refugee Studies Department)

• Eastwood, Victoria, Regular Roundups, Cairo Times, vol. 7, issue 26, 4-10 September 2003.

• El Amrani, Issander, & Khalil, Ashraf, Welcome to Egypt, Cairo Times, vol. 6, issue 45, 23-29 January 2003.

• El Serwgy, Adel and Salem, Ahmed, The Arrest of Three African Youths: Attempts to Infiltrate Israel through Sinai, Al-Ahram El Messai, 31 January 2004

• Fbos, Anita, H., Notes on the Concept of Liminality 2000, unpublished.

• - Of Metaphors and Microbuses: Sudanese Visiting Strategies in Cairo 2001 (unpublished)

• - Counsellors Handbook of Resources for Refugees and Displaced Persons: Cairo, Egypt. (1991) Refugee Studies Centre Documentation Centre, Oxford University.

• - Ambiguous Ethnicity: Propriety (Adab) as a Situational Boundary Marker for Northern Sudanese in Cairo Ph.D. Dissertation: Boston University, 1999.

• - Fluid Identity: Researching Sudanese in Egypt (In Arabic). Nashrat Al-Hijra Al-Qasriyya (Arabic Edition of Forced Migration Review), Issue 10 December 2000. Oxford, London.

• - Ambiguous borders, ambivalent subjects: Being Sudanese in 20th century Egypt, in M.A. Fay (ed) Auto/Biography in the Middle East. London: St. Martins Press, 2001a.

• - Embodying transition: FGC, displacement, and gender-making for Sudanese in Cairo. Feminist Review 69: 87-107, 2001b.

• - Sudanese identity in diaspora and the meaning of home: The transformative role of Sudanese NGOs in Cairo, in N. Al-Ali and C. Kosher (eds.) New approaches to migration? Transnational communities and the transformation of home. London and New York: Routledge, 2001c.

• - Muslim Immigration, Migration in the 20th Century: An Encyclopedia. Oxford Press. (In Press 2004)

• Fahim, H., The Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians: A Case Study in Developmental Change. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1986.

• - Dams, People, and Development: The Aswan High Dam Case. Pergamon, New York 1981.

• - Egyptian Nubians: Resettlement and Years of Coping. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, 1983.

• Fernea, Robert & John G. Kenney, Initial adaptation to resettlement: A new life for Egyptian Nubians, 1996, Current Anthropology, 7(3), June: 349-354.

• Ghazaleh, P., In closed file limbo: displaced Sudanese in a Cairo slum, Forced Migration Review, vol. 16, pp 24-26.

• GoE (Government of Egypt) 1954 Memorandum of Agreement between the Government of Egypt and UNHCR.

• Goodwin-Gill, Guy, The Refugee in International Law, (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996)

• Grindell, Richard, A Study of Refugees experiences of Detention in Egypt, (Forced Migration & Refugee Studies Department) the American University in Cairo, June 2003.

• Hassan, Abdalla, Where does the son of the country go? Cairo Times, vol. 5, issue 32, 18-24 October 2001.

• Hauser, C., Sudanese refugees flee civil war to forage in Cairo, Middle East Times, 8-14 November 1998, p 4.

• Ibrahim, S., Afifi, W., Seminar for Judges from Arab League States on Refugee and Human Rights Law, Cairo, January 10-14, 2003.

• Joint Relief Ministry, Annual Report 2002 - 2003.

• Kagan, Michael, Assessment of Refugee Status Determination Procedure at UNHCRs Cairo Office, 2001 2002, Forced Migration and Refugee Studies working paper no. 1, The American University in Cairo, December, 2002.

• - Note regarding Refugees Right to work in Egypt under International Law, 2003 (unpublished manuscript)

• Khattab, Azza, The Uncertain Future, Egypt Today, June 2003

• Khattab, Azza, Give me Shelter: Political Asylum Seekers in Egypt speak of their Ordeals, Egypt Today, January 2002.

• Lado, K.E.J. Women as Refugees: Change through Displacement among Southern Sudanese Women in Cairo. M.A. Thesis: The American University in Cairo. Cairo, Egypt, 1996.

• Lejukole, J. Changes in Family Gender Roles Among the Southern Sudanese Refugee Families in Cairo M.A. Thesis: American University in Cairo. Cairo, Egypt, 2002.

• Lindsey, Ursula, Cairo Art Show gives Refugee Children Sense of Belonging The Daily Star, December 4, 2003.

• Lindsey, Ursula, At Risk Cairo Times, vol. 6, issue 47, 6-19 February, 2003.

• - Roundup, Cairo Times, vol. 6, issue 47, 6-19 February, 2003.

• Mandel, M., A Home from Home?, Egypts Insight Magazine, April 1998.

• Maxwell, L., Schaeffer, A., Report on the Security Concerns of the Liberian Community in Cairo, 2002.

• Middle East Times, UN ready to repatriate Sudan refugees, The Middle East Times, 14 November, 2003.

• Moorehead, Caroline, Suspended in Cairo, January, 2002.

• Mostafa, Yousry, Refugees in Egypt: the bitter truths Cairo newspaper, issue 175, 19 August, 2003. (Arabic)

• Negus, Sanna, Girl Power Egypt Today, January 2000.

• Negus, Steve, When is a refugee not a refugee?, Cairo Times, vol. 1, issue 1, March, 1997.

• No Author, An Asylum Seekers Guide to Applying for Refugee Status at the UNHCR Cairo, Egypt. Prepared with the cooperation of UNHCR by members of the refugee community and volunteers from local churches. Available at the American University in Cairo. Cairo, Egypt, 2001.

• No Author, Withdrawal of Egyptian Reservations to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees Prepared by Lawyers from the EOHR Refugee Legal Aid Project. Available at the American University in Cairo. Cairo, Egypt, 2002.

• No Author, Seminar for Judges from Arab League States on Refugees and Human Rights Law. Unpublished Report: FMRS, the American University in Cairo. Cairo, Egypt, 2003.

• Peterson, Nancy, Schools out, Cairo Times, vol. 5, issue 25, 30 August 5 September 2001.

• Riak Akuei, Stephanie, Cultural Mindfulness Amongst the Dinka Displaced By War: Cairo As Potent Place To Points Beyond, 2001 (unpublished)

• Rose El Youssef, Refugees: Guests or Criminals?, July 30, 2000 (Arabic).

• Sacred Heart Church, The events of the night of Monday 24 July 2000 at Sacred Heart Church Abbasseya (unpublished, report).

• Salem, M., Sudanese refugees search for shelter, The Egyptian Gazette, 7 February 2000.

• Saman, Heidy, Far From Home, Cairo Times, vol. 5, issue 32, 18-24 October 2001.

• SCUK & SUDIA, Displaced and Refugee Children and Service Providers: How Children See their Situation, (Save the Children Middle East & North Africa, Cairo, 2003)

• SCDP, Coping with Dynamics of Culture and Change: The Case of Displaced Sudanese in Egypt. Sudanese Cultural Digest Project, Report No. 1. December, 1998. Available at: FMRS, American University in Cairo.

• Stolk, Martin, She wont settle for less, Cairo Times, vol. 4, issue 24, 24 30 August 2000.

• Sudan Cultural Digest Project, Coping with Dynamics of Culture and Change: the Case of Displaced Sudanese in Egypt, 1998, Revised Research Report Number (1)

• Sudanese Development Initiative (SUDIA) EETS Program, Developing Pathways into Work for Sudanese Refugees: a Study of the Labour Market and Employment Needs of Sudanese Refugee Communities in Cairo, January 2003.

• -Education, Training and Support Services for Refugees in Cairo, 2002, (9 pages, unpublished report).

• - Profiling Refugee Livelihoods in Cairo Terms of Reference, 2002 (6 page research proposal).

• The Oxford Dictionary of the World (Oxford University Press, 1996)

• UNHCR Report on Unaccompanied Minors/Separated Children. November 10, 2002a.

• UNHCR, Note on the Applicability of Article 1D of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees to Palestinian Refugees, International Journal of Refugee Law 14/2-3: 450-6 (2002b).

• UNHCR, Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, Geneva, 1992.

• UNHCR, UNHCR Targeted Survey of Self-Reliance Activities of Urban Refugees in Cairo March 2003, draft survey analysis report (unpublished manuscript)

• UNHCR, Information Booklet for Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Egypt, September 2003a.

• UNHCR, Refugee Self-Reliance in Cairo: Obstacles and Prospects, September 2003b.

• UNHCR, The State of the Worlds Refugees: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action (Oxford University Press, 2000)

• UNHCR & El Shely, Z, UNHCR in the Arab World: Fifty years of Humanitarian Work, the Arab Institute for Human Rights & UNHCR, 2001 (Arabic)

• UNICEF, Analysis of the Conditions of Palestinian Women and Children in Egypt UNICEF, Egypt- Draft copy- in Arabic, 1996.

• US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Trouble Shooting US Refugee Processing in the Former Soviet Union and Egypt, Refugee Reports, vol. 20, no. 9, September/October 1999

• Wachira, George, Refugee Status Determination in Kenya and Egypt dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law of the University of Pretoria, October, 2003.

• Waddams, Hester, War Wounds Cairo Times, vol. 6, issue 12, 23 29 May, 2003.

• Waguih, A., Informal sector embraces migrants, Business monthly, September 2002, pp 30-32 (refugee labor)

• Walker, Christopher, Status of the Nation: Sudanese refugees confused by interview suspension Cairo Times, issue 15, vol. 8, 1 7 July, 2004.

• Wilkes, Sybella, As Sudan Instability Mounts, Sudanese Congregate in Egypt, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, May/June 1996.

• Zohry, Ayman & Harrell-Bond, Barbara, Contemporary Egyptian Migration: An Overview of Voluntary and Forced Migration FMRS background paper, the American University in Cairo, August 2003.

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