Other Resources

Electronic resources

Ugandan newspapers

The New Vision htttp://www.newvision.co.ug

The Monitor http://www.monitor.co.ug

Electronic references

Assemblée Nationale, 'Mission d'information sur le Rwanda. Rapport d'information sur les operations militaries menées par la France, d'autres pays l'ONU au Rwanda entre 1900 et 1994', 1998. http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dossiers/rwanda/r1271.asp

Adelman, Howard, 'The Use and Abuse of Refugees in Zaire, April 1996-March 1997', Stanford University, n.d. http://www.stanford.edu/~sstedman/2001.readings/Zaire.htm

Eurostep, 'Lessons from Rwanda: The Argument for a More Coherent European Policy on the Great Lakes Region', 1996. http://www.eurostep.org/pubs/position/coherence/greatlak.htm

Ferroggiaro, William (ed.), 'The US and the Genocide in Rwanda 1994: Evidence of Inaction', National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book, George Washington University, 2001. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB53/press.html

Gourevitch, Philip, We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families: Stories From Rwanda, 1998. http://www.historyplace.com/pointsofview/rwanda.htm

Human Rights Watch, 'Leave None to Tell the Story', Human Rights Watch, March 1999. http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/

Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda (JEEAR), The International response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Genocide, 'Study 1 - Historical Perspective: Some Explanatory Factors', 1997a. http://www.um.dk/danida/evalueringsrapporter/1997_rwanda/book1.asp

--, The International response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Genocide, 'Study 2 - Early Warning and Conflict Management', 1997b. http://www.um.dk/danida/evalueringsrapporter/1997_rwanda/book2.asp

Lemarchand, René, 'Patterns of State Collapse and the Reconstruction in Central Africa: Reflections on the Crisis in the Great Lakes', African Studies Quarterly, vol. 1, no. 3 (Special Issue), 1997. http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v1/3/2.htm

Power, Samantha, 'Bystanders to Genocide: Why the United States Let the Rwandan Tragedy Happen', The Atlantic Monthly, September 2001. http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2001/09/power.htm

Rutinwa, Bonaventure, 'The end of asylum? The changing nature of refugee policies in Africa', UNHCR Working Paper No. 5, May 1999. http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?tbl=RESEARCH&id=3ae6a0c34&page=research

Stein, Barry N. and Clark, Lance, 'Refugee Integration and Older Refugee Settlements in Africa', Paper presented at the 1990 American Anthropological Association, New Orleans, 28 November 1990. http://www.msu.edu/course/pls/461/stein/FINAL.htm

United Nations, 'Comprehensive Report on Lessons Learned from United Nations Assistance for Rwanda (UNAMIR) October 1993-April 1996', 1996. http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/lessons/rwanda.htm

United Nations Press Release, 'Kofi Annan Emphasizes Commitment to Enabling UN Never Again to Fail in Protecting Civilian Population from Genocide', Press Release SG/SM/7263 AFR/196, 16 December 1999. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1999/19991216.sgsm7263.doc.html

Waters, Tony, 'The Coming Rwandan Demographic Crisis, or Why Current Repatriation Policies Will Not solve Tanzania's (or Zaire's) Refugee Problems', Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, 3 June 2000. http://www.jha.ac/articles/a013.htm

--, 'Conventional Wisdom and Rwanda's Genocide: An Opinion', African Studies Quarterly, vol. 1, no. 3 (Special Issue), 1997. http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v1/3/10.htm

Whitaker, Beth Elise, 'Changing priorities in refugee protection: the Rwandan repatriation from Tanzania', UNHCR Working Paper No. 53, February 2002. http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?tbl=RESEARCH&id=3c7528ea4&page=research

--, 'Changing opportunities: refugees and host communities in western Tanzania', UNHCR Working Paper No. 11, June 1999. http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?tbl=RESEARCH&id=3ae6a0c70&page=research

Verwimp, Philip, 'Development Ideology, the Peasantry, and Genocide: Rwanda represented in Habyarimana's speeches', Genocide Studies Program, no.13, Yale University, 1997. http://www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Rwanda.doc

Other websites of interest

Amnesty International http://www.amnesty.org

Human Rights Watch http://www.hrw.org

International Alert http://www.international-alert.org

Lawyers Committee for Human Rights http://www.lchr.org

Refugees International http://www.refintl.org

UN High Commissioner for Human Rights http://www.unhchr.ch

US Committee for Refugees http://www.uscr.org

International Crisis Group, Brussels http://www.crisisweb.org

Observatoire de l'Afrique Centrale, Ottawa http://www.obsac.com

Réseau Documentaire International sur la Région des Grands Lacs Africains, Geneva http://www.grandslacs.net

United Nations Integrated Regional Information Network, Nairobi http://www.irinnews.org

The UN Refugee Agency UNHCR, Geneva http://www.unhcr.org

Future site of the Rwandan Ministry of Defence http://www.minadef.gov.rw

Official website of the government of Rwanda http://www.rwanda1.com

Official website of the president of Rwanda http://www.rwanda1.com/government/president/index.html

Up-to-date information on the ICTR (tribunal) in Arusha http://www.diplomatiejudiciaire.com

French National Assembly inquiry report into responsibility for genocide http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/2/dossiers/rwanda/rapport.htm

PBS Frontline documentary on Rwandan genocide http://www.pbs.org/frontline/shows/evil

Fergal Keane's PBS interview with Gérard Prunier http://http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/rwanda/etc/interview.html

BBC Kinyarwanda/Kirundi service http://www.bbc.co.uk/greatlakes/

Fondation Hirondelle http://www.hirondelle.org

INCORE http://www.incore.ulst.ac.uk

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda http://www.ictr.org

International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty http://www.iciss-ciise.gc.ca/report-e.asp

Well-known Danish study on Rwandan genocide http://www.um.dk/danida/evalueringsrapporter/1997_rwanda

Official Website of the Republic of Rwanda http://www.gov.rw

Banque Nationale du Rwanda http://www.bnr.rw

Rwandan Office of Information http://www.orinfor.gov.rw

10th Anniversary memorial project in Canada http://www.visiontv.ca/RememberRwanda/index.htm

Recent Lemarchand paper on crisis http://membres.lycos.fr/obsac/OBSV3N30_Lemarchand-GLA.html

Global IDP Database for Democratic Republic of the Congo http://www.db.idpproject.org/Sites/IdpProjectDb/idpSurvey.nsf/wCountries/Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo

For Burundi http://www.db.idpproject.org/Sites/IdpProjectDb/idpSurvey.nsf/wCountries/Burundi

For Rwanda http://www.db.idpproject.org/Sites/idpSurvey.nsf/wCountries/Rwanda

Example of hysterical conspiracy theorizing http://users.skynet.be/wirira/eir.htm

'Great Genocide Debate', London July 1997 http://homepages.udayton.edu/~uwiringi/genocide/

Human Rights Watch

Rwanda: the Search for Security and Human Rights Abuses http://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/rwanda/

Burundi: Emptying the Hills http://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/burundi2/

Journal of Humanitarian Assistance 'Youth and conflict in Kivu: Komona clair' http://www.jha.ac/greatlakes/b004.htm

Universitiy of Florida Africana Collection http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/cm/africana

[TOP]

Non-electronic resources and bibliography

• African Rights, Rwanda: Death, despair, and defiance. London: African Rights, 1995.

• Bucyalimwe Mararo, Stanislas, ' Land conflict in Masisi, eastern Zaïre: The impact and aftermath of Belgian colonial policy, 1920-89', Ph.D. diss., University of Indiana, 1990.

• Bulambo Katambu, Ambroise, Mourir au Kivu: Du génocide tutsi aux massacres dans l'Est du Congo-RDC. Kinshasa/Paris: Éditions du Trottoir & L'Harmattan, 2001.

• Chrétien, Jean-Pierre, 'Des sédentaires devenus migrants: Le départ de Burundais et des Rwandais vers l'Ouganda (1920-60)', in J.-P. Chrétien (ed.), Burundi: L'histoire retrouvée: 25 ans de métier d'historien en Afrique. Paris: Karthala, 1993.

• --, L'Afrique des Grands Lacs: Deux mille ans d'histoire. Paris: Aubier, 2000.

• Codere, Helen, 'The biography of an African society, Rwanda, 1900-60, based on forty-eight Rwandan autobiographies', Tervuren: Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Annales, Sciences humaines, no. 79, 1973.

• d'Hertefelt, Marcel and de Lame, Danielle, ' Société, culture et histoire du Rwanda: Encyclopédie bibliographique, 1863-1980/87.' Tervuren: Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, 1988.

• de Lame, Danielle, ' Une colline entre mille ou le calme avant la tempête: Transformation et blocages du Rwanda rural', Tervuren: Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, 1996.

• de Villers, Gauthier, Omasombo Tshonda, Jean, and Kennes, Erik, 'République démocratique du Congo: Guerre et politique: Les trente derniers mois de L. D. Kabila (août 1998-janvier 2001)'. Paris: L'Harmattan, Cahiers africains, nos. 47-8, 2001.

• --, et al., 'République démocratique du Congo: Chronique politique d'un entre-deux-guerres, octobre 1996-juillet 1998'. Paris: L'Harmattan, Cahiers africains, nos. 35-6, 1998.

• Depelchin, Jacques M. F., ' From precapitalism to imperialism: A history of social and economic formations in eastern Zaïre (Uvira Zone, c. 1800-1965)', Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University, 1974.

• Gahama, Joseph, Le Burundi sous administration belge. Paris: Karthala, 2001.

• Gasarasi, Charles P., 'The Mass Naturalization and Further Integration of Rwandese Refugees in Tanzania: Process, Problems and Prospects', Journal of Refugee Studies, vol. 3, no. 2, 1990.

• Halvorsen, Kate, 'Protection and Humanitarian Assistance in the Refugee Camps in Zaire: The Problem of Security', in Howard Adelman and Astri Suhrke (eds.), The Path of a Genocide: The Rwanda Crisis from Uganda to Zaire. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1999.

• Harroy, Jean-Paul, Rwanda: De la féodalité à la démocratie (1955-62). Brussels: Hayez, 1984.

• Holborn, Louise W., Refugees: A problem of our time. The work of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 1951-72. Two volumes. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1975.

• Kandt, Richard, Caput Nili (…). Berlin: Reimer (E. Vohsen), 1904

• Kuperman, Alan J., The limits of humanitarian intervention: Genocide in Rwanda. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2001.

• Lemarchand, René, Rwanda and Burundi. London: Pall Mall, 1970.

• --, Burundi: Ethnic conflict and genocide. Washington DC/Cambridge: Woodrow Wilson Center Press/Cambridge University Press, 1995.

• Lévesque, Albert, Contribution to the national bibliography of Rwanda, 1965-70. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1979.

• Linden, Ian and Linden, Jane, Church and revolution in Rwanda. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1977.

• Logiest, Guy, Mission au Rwanda: Un blanc dans la bagarre Tutsi-Hutu. Brussells: Didier Hatier, 1988.

• Longman, Timothy, 'Church politics and the genocide in Rwanda', Journal of Religion in Africa, vol. 31, 2001.

• Louis, WR. Ruanda-Urundi, 1884-1919. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963.

• Malkki, Liisa H., Purity and exile: Violence, memory, and national cosmology among Hutu refugees in Tanzania. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

• Mamdani, Mahmood, When victims become killers: Colonialism, nativism, and the genocide in Rwanda. Princeton, New Jersey/Oxford: Princeton University Press/James Currey, 2001.

• Maquet, Jacques J., The premise of inequality in Ruanda: A study of political relations in a Central African kingdom. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.

• Mathieu, Paul and Willame, Jean-Claude (eds.), Conflits et guerres au Kivu et dans la région des Grands Lacs. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1999.

• Melvern, Linda R. A people betrayed: The role of the West in Rwanda's genocide. London: Zed Books, 2000.

• Newbury, Catharine, The cohesion of oppression: Clientship and ethnicity in Rwanda, 1860-1960. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.

• Ould-Abdallah, Ahmedou, Burundi on the brink, 1993-95: A UN special envoy reflects on preventive diplomacy. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2000.

• Pottier, Johan, Re-Imagining Rwanda: Conflict, survival, and disinformation in the late twentieth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

• Prunier, Gérard, The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide, London: Hurst & Company, 1998.

• --, Rwanda in the Congo: From genocide to continental war. London: C. Hurst, 2003.

• Reyntjens, Filip, L'Afrique des Grands Lacs en crise: Rwanda, Burundi (1988-94). Paris: Karthala, 1994.

• --, Rwanda: Trois jours qui ont fait basculer l'histoire. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1995.

• --, La guerre des Grands Lacs: Alliances mouvantes et conflits extraterritoriaux en Afrique centrale. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1999.

• Richards, Audrey (ed.), Economic development and tribal change: A study of migrant labour in Buganda. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956.

• Rumiya, Jean, Le Rwanda sous le régime du mandat belge (1916-31). Paris: L'Harmattan, 1992.

• Rutinwa, Bonaventure, 'The Tanzanian Government's Response to the Rwandan Emergency', Journal of Refugee Studies, vol. 9, no. 3, 1996.

• Saucier, Jean-François, ' The patron-client relationship in traditional and contemporary southern Rwanda', Ph.D. thesis, Columbia University, 1974.

• Terry, Fiona, Condemned to repeat: The paradox of humanitarian action. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2002.

• Umutesi, Marie Béatrice, Fuir ou mourir au Zaïre: Le vécu d'une réfugiée rwandaise. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2000.

• Uvin, Peter, Aiding violence: The development enterprise in Rwanda. West Hartford, Connecticut: Kumarian Press, 1998.

• Uvin, Peter, 'Reading the Rwandan Genocide', International Studies Review, vol. 3, no. 3, Fall 2001.

• van der Meeren, Rachel, 'Three Decades in Exile: Rwandan Refugees 1960-90', Journal of Refugee Studies, vol. 9, no. 3, 1996.

• van Hoyweghen, Saskia, 'The Rwandan villagisation programme: Resettlement for reconstruction?', in D. Goyvaerts (ed.), Conflict and ethnicity in Central Africa. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of the Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), 2000.

• van Leeuwen, Mathijs, 'Rwanda's imidugudu programme and earlier experiences with villagisation and resettlement in East Africa', Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 39, 2001.

• Vansina, Jan, L'Évolution du royaume rwanda des origina à 1900. 2nd edn., Brussels: Académie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer, 2000.

• --, Le Rwanda ancien: Le royaume nyiginya. Paris: Karthala, 2001.

• Vidal, Claudine, 'Le Rwanda des anthropologues ou le fétichisme de la vache', Cahiers d'études africaines, vol. 9, 1969.

• --, Sociologie des passions (Côte d'Ivoire, Rwanda). Paris: Karthala, 1991.

• Yeld, Rachel, ' Rwanda: Unprecedented problems calls for unprecedented solutions', RSP Occasional Paper. Oxford: Refugee Studies Programme, University of Oxford, 1996.

[TOP]