Founding members of a plastic-recycling handicraft project in Hagadera camp, Dadaab, exhibit some of their products.
© UNHCR/K.McKinsey |
The nature of assistance provided to forced migrants has
evolved over the years. In the past, the humanitarian community tended to
focus on emergency relief, or addressing the immediate needs of displaced
persons such as food, water, shelter, and health care. In the 1980s, attention
shifted to a development approach, and to transitioning from short-term relief
to longer-term development in a seamless kind of continuum. This model assumed
that the source of displacement would eventually end, and the recipients of
assistance would eventually return home and rebuild their livelihoods. Today,
many argue that the relief-to-development continuum is less relevant in situations
of complex emergencies, protracted crises, and involuntary resettlement.
Moreover, with fewer resources available for humanitarian assistance, greater
emphasis is now being placed on adopting a livelihoods approach to enhance
the productivity of forced migrants, promote greater self-reliance, and help
people to either regain sources of living lost during displacement or to cultivate
new ones.
This resource page complements Forced Migration Review, no. 20, the
theme for which is “Sustainable
Livelihoods: Seeds of Success?”. The references below have been selected
from Forced Migration Online (FMO), and include full-text documents, journal
articles, web resources, and organizations.
Introductions/Overviews
Documents
For more, search
in the FMO Digital Library.
- Anderson, Mary B. and Peter J. Woodrow. 1988. "An approach
to integrating development and relief programming: an analytical framework."
- Chambers, Robert. 1986. “Sustainable livelihoods: an
opportunity for the World Commission on Environment and Development.”
- Downing, Theodore and Chris McDowell. “1996
Oxford statement on reconstructing livelihoods of displaced people. Paper
from Conference ‘Reconstructing Livelihoods: towards new approaches
to resettlement,’ 9-13 September 1996, Oxford.”
- Duffield, Mark. 1995. “Protracted
political crisis and the demise of developmentalism: from convergence to coexistence.”
- Khan, M. Fahim. 1994. “Effective
strategies for mobilizing women to self-reliance. Collected papers from International
Conference on Uprooted Muslim Women, 12-15 Nov 1994, Sharjah, U.A.E.”
- Lautze, Sue. 1996. “Lives versus livelihoods:
how to foster self-sufficiency and productivity of disaster victims.”
- Lautze, Sue and John Hammock. 1996. “Coping
with crisis; coping with aid: capacity building, coping mechanisms and
dependency, linking relief and development.”
- Macrae, Joanna and Anthony Zwi. 1994. “When
the war is over: speculations on the relief/development transition and
its implications for the health sector - the case of Uganda.”
- Martin, Susan Forbes. 1988. “The
economic activities of refugee women.”
- Waldron, Sidney R. 1992. “Food
for thought: refugee survival strategies & administrative control
in organized settlements.”
Journal articles
For more, search in FMO’s
Journals section.
- Anderson, Mary B. and Peter J. Woodrow. 1991. “Reducing
vulnerability to drought and famine: developmental approaches to relief.”
Disasters 15(1): 43-54.
- Hamid, Gamal Mahmoud. 1992. “Livelihood
patterns of displaced households in greater Khartoum.” Disasters
16(3): 230-239.
- Hay, Roger W. 1986. “Food
aid and relief development strategies.” Disasters 10(4): 273-287.
- Jackson, Stephen and Peter Walker. 1999. “Depolarising
the 'broadened' and 'back-to-basics' relief models.” Disasters
23(2): 93-114.
- Jamal, Arafat. 2003. “Camps
and freedoms: long-term refugee situations in Africa.” Forced
Migration Review 16: 4-6.
- Jaspars, Susanne and Jeremy Shoham. 1999. “Targeting
the vulnerable: a review of the necessity and feasibility of targeting
vulnerable households.” Disasters 23(4): 359-372.
- Macrae, Joanna, et al. 1997. “Conflict,
the continuum and chronic emergencies: a critical analysis of the scope
for linking relief, rehabilitation and development planning in Sudan.”
Disasters 21(3): 223-243.
- Maxwell, Daniel. 1999. “Programmes
in chronically vulnerable areas challenges and lessons learned.”
Disasters 23(4): 373-384.
- Seitz, Stefan. 1998. “Coping
strategies in an ethnic minority group: the Aeta of Mount Pinatubo.”
Disasters 22(1): 76-90.
- Stepputat, Finn and Ninna Nyberg Sørensen. 2002. “IDPs and mobile livelihoods.” Forced Migration Review 14: 36-37.
Web resources
For more, search
in the FMO
Web Catalogue.
Relevant Organizations
For additional relevant organisations, please see the FMO
Organizations Directory.
See Livelihoods
Connect resources for further relevant organizations.
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