Forced Migration Review
Photo credit: Adapted from an illustration by Stanislav Ashmarin, Photo on computer screen: Sudanese refugees, Ethiopia. UNHCR/N Behring
Increasingly, there is widespread recognition that the environment, people's lives and livelihoods are being transformed as a result of climate change. This has been linked to increased levels of environmental and weather-related disasters and higher levels of displacement. The RSC has produced a set of resources which debate the issues - including numbers, definitions and modalities - and the tension between the need for research and the need to act. Prepared to complement Forced Migration Review 31 and the FMO Research Guide on Climate Change and Displacement, this Resource Summary also provides links to other key resources, websites and documents related to climate change, environmental change, disasters and forced migration.
Associated RSC resources
Digital Library documents
For more, search in the FMO Digital Library
- Amnesty International (2005) Indonesia: the role of human rights in the wake of the earthquake and tsunami: a briefing for members of the consultative group on Indonesia 19 - 20 January, London: Amnesty International.
- Forced Migration Review (FMR) no. 31 (October 2008), Climate change and displacement
- Kagwanja, Peter Mwangi (1996) The environmental consequences of forced migration in Kenya and Rwanda, Centre for Refugee Studies, Moi University, Kenya.
- Rahmato, D. (2001) Environmental Change and State Policy in Ethiopia: Lessons from past experience, FSS Monograph Series 2, Forum for Social Studies, Addis Ababa.
- UNHCR (1998) Environmental management Within Refugee Operations: Training Manual, Geneva: UNHCR.
- Cardy, W. Franklin G. (1994) Environment and forced migration, Review Paper for 4th IRAP conference 5-9 January 1994, Oxford.
Other documents
Selected web-based information resources:
- ADB, et al. (2003) Poverty and Climate Change-Reducing the Vulnerability of the Poor through Adaptation, African Development Bank and World Bank, Washington, D.C.
- Barnett, J., Adger, W.N. (2001) Climate Dangers and Atoll Countries, Tyndall Centre Working Paper, No. 9, October 2001. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
- Barnett, J. (2007) Climate Change and Security in Asia: Issues and Implications for Australia, Melbourne Asia policy Papers No. 9. Melbourne: University of Melbourne.
- Black R. (2001) Environmental refugees: myth or reality?, New Issues in Refugee Research, Working Paper no. 34 Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
- Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement (2008) Human Rights and Natural Disasters: Operational Guidelines and Field Manual on Human Rights Protection in Situations of Natural Disaster,
- Brown, L.R. (2004) New flows of environmental refugees, peopleandplanet.net
- Brown, O. (2008) Migration and Climate Change, IOM Migration Research Series, No. 31, Geneva: International Organization for Migration.
- Castles, S. (2002) Environmental change and forced migration: making sense of the debate, UNHCR Issues in Refugee Research, Working Paper No. 70.
- Christian Aid (2007) Human tide: The real migration crisis, London: Christian Aid.
- DFID (2005) Disaster Risk Reduction: A Development Concern, Department for International Development , London.
- Eriksen, S.E.H., Klein, R.J.T., Ulsrud, K., Nęss, L.O., O'Brien, K. (2007) Climate Change Adaptation and Poverty Reduction: Key interactions and critical measures, Report prepared for the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad). GECHS Report 2007:1.
- European Council (2008) Climate Change and International Security, Paper from the High Representative and the European Commission to the European Council, Brussels, 14.03.2008, S113/08.
- FAO (2001) State of the world's forests, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
- Friend's of the Earth (2007) A citizen's guide to climate refugees, Friend's of the Earth. Australia.
- Gilbert, R. (2001) Doing More for Those Made Homeless by Natural Disasters, Disaster Risk Management Series, No. 1, Washington, DC: World Bank.
- GTZ (2008) Adapting to Climate Change: Practical Perspectives,
- Guha-Sapir, D., Hargitt, D., Hoyois, D. (2004) Thirty years of natural disasters 1974-2003: The numbers, Presses Universitaires de Louvain: Louvain-la Neuve.
- Hagmann, T. (2005) Confronting the Concept of Environmentally Induced Conflict, Peace, Conflict and Development, Issue Six, January 2005.
- INFORM Human Rights Documentation Centre (2005) Human Rights Issues in the Post-tsunami context, Sri Lanka, July - August 2005.
- IOM (2007) Migration, Development and Natural Disasters: Insights from the Indian Ocean Tsunami, MSR. N. 30.
- IPCC (2001) Climate Change 2001: Synthesis report. A Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- IPCC (2007) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis: Summary for Policymakers, IPCC Secretariat, Geneva. Available at:
- IPPR (2008) Climate change and forced migration, Transcript of meeting held in April 2008, London.
- Kennedy, J., et.al. (2007) Post-tsunami transitional settlement and shelter: field experience from Aceh and Sri Lanka. Humanitarian exchange magazine Number 37, March 2007, pp, 28-31.
- Keane, D. (2004) The Environmental Causes and Consequences of Migration: A Search for the Meaning of Environmental Refugees,
- Lavell, A. (1999) The Impact of Disasters on Development Gains: Clarity or Controversy, Latin American Social Science Faculty (FLACSO) and The Network for the Social Study of Disaster Prevention in Latin America-LA RED.
- Lonergan, S., Swain, A. (1998) Environmental Degradation and Population Displacement, Aviso 2.
- Massey, D., Axinn, W., Ghimire, D. (2007) Environmental change and out-migration: evidence from Nepal, Report 07-715. Population Study Center, University of Michigan: Institute for Social Research.
- McGuigan, C., Reynolds, R., Wiedmer, D. (2002) Poverty and Climate Change: assessing the impact in developing countries and the initiatives of the International Community. London School of Economics, Consultancy Project for the Overseas Development Institute.
- Myers, N. (2002) Environmental Security: What's New and Different? Based on a Policy Backgrounder for the University of Peace.
- Norwegian Refugee Council (2008) Future floods of refugees
- Oxfam (2005) A place to stay, a place to live. Challenges in providing shelter in India, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka after the tsunami, Oxfam Briefing Note. 14 December, 2005.
- Oxfam (2008) Turning up the Heat: Climate Change and Poverty in Uganda, Oxfam: Oxford.
- Renaud, F., Bogardi, J.J., Dun, O., Warner, K. (2007) Control, Adapt or Flee How to Face Environmental Migration? InterSecTions. Interdisciplinary Security ConnecTions Publication Series of UNU-EHS No. 5/2007.
- Richards, M. (2002) Poverty Reduction, Equity and Climate Change: Global Governance synergies or Contradictions?, Overseas Development Institute: London.
- Stern, N. (2006) The economics of climate change, Stern review. London: HM Treasury.
- Stojanov, R. (2004b) Environmental refugees. An Introduction, Geographica, Vol.38(1), pp.77-84.
- Stojanov, R. (2006) Environmental migration: How can be estimated and predicted in Globalisation and its Impact to Society, Regions and States. Ostrava: Ostravskį univerzita, 2006, pp. 302-311.
- UN (2007) Security Council holds first-ever debate on impact of climate change, 5663rd meeting. New York: United Nations, Department of Public Information.
- UNHCR (1996) UNHCR Environmental Guidelines, Geneva: UNHCR
- UNISDR (2005) World Conference on Disaster Reduction Kobe, 18-22 January 2005.
- UNFPA (2007) State of the World Population. Unleashing the potential of urban growth, United Nation Population Funds: New York.
- UNISDR (2004) Living with Risk: a global review of disaster reduction initiatives, Inter-Agency Secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR).
- UNISDR (2008) Gender Perspectives: Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction into Climate Change Adpatation. Good Practices and Lessons Learned (UN/ISDR).
- Vine, D. (2005) The other migrants: cause and prevention in involuntary displacement and the question of environmental refugees in UNFPA, International Migration and the Millennium Development Goals Selected Papers of the UNFPA Expert Group Meeting. New York.
- Walker, B.H., Carpenter, S.R., Anderies, J., Abel, N., Cumming, G.S., Janssen, M., Lebel, L., Norberg, J., Peterson, G.D., Pritchard, R. (2002) Resilience management in social-ecological systems: a working hypothesis for a participatory approach, Conservation Ecology, Vol. 6.
- Walker, B.H., Holling, C.S., Carpenter, S.R., Kinzig, A.P. (2004) Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social-ecological systems, Ecology and Society, Vol.9(2).
Key Organizations & websites
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